- Journal List
- BMJ Open
- v.12(3); 2022
- PMC8921857
As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsem*nt of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health.
Learn more: PMC Disclaimer | PMC Copyright Notice
BMJ Open. 2022; 12(3): e047687.
Published online 2022 Mar 14. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047687
PMCID: PMC8921857
PMID: 35288379
Original research
Nefsu Awoke,
1 Tiwabwork Tekalign,1 Aseb Arba,1 and Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo2
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer
Associated Data
- Supplementary Materials
- Data Availability Statement
Abstract
Objective
The prevention of pressure injury is of great importance in providing quality care to patients, as it has been reported that approximately 95% of all pressure injury are preventable. Nurses working in clinical settings play a key role in identifying patients at risk and administering preventative care. Therefore, this study examines pressure injury prevention practices among nurses.
Design
Cross-sectional study design.
Setting
Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia.
Participants
240 nurses.
Main outcome measures
Pressure injury prevention practices among nurses.
Result
Among nurses, 37.9% had good pressure injury prevention practices. The factors associated with pressure injury prevention practices included having a bachelor’s degree or higher (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.18; 95% CI 1.12 to 4.25), having more than 10 years of nursing experience (AOR=3.44; 95% CI 1.41 to 8.37), lacking subject knowledge (AOR=0.49; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.91) and being over the age of 40 (AOR=0.55; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.35).
Conclusion
The majority of nurses reported having a limited level of pressure injury prevention practice. Since pressure ulcer prevention practice is majorly the role of nurses. Upgrading the educational level of the nurses through continuous professional development opportunities can improve the preventive practice of pressure ulcer injury by increasing the knowledge and skill gained during the vocational training.
Keywords: wound management, public health, preventive medicine
Strengths and limitations of this study
Strength of this study was that the study tried to assess the magnitude and factors associated with pressure injury prevention practices among nurses and it can be an input for prevention of pressure injury together with other pocket studies from different corners of the country (Ethiopia).
The study might have faced some limitations; such as, nature of the study design, which cannot establish a temporal relationship between the predictors and the outcome variable.
The study does not assessed nurse’s knowledge with respect to pressure injury treatment interventions, it only assessed the preventive aspect.
Socially desirability bias since the study assessed self-reported practice there might be over reported behaviour.
Introduction
A pressure injury (PI) is localised damage to the skin and underlying soft tissue commonly occurring over a bony prominence area due to pressure or shearing/friction forces with pressure causing localised injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue.1 2 The injury can appear as intact skin or open injury and can be painful. In 2016, the National Pressure ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) updated the term pressure ulcer to PI to include stage 1 in the definition since the skin is intact with non-blanchable erythema.2
Contributing factors are multifactorial, occurring mainly due to a combination of physiological events and external conditions.3 Tissue ischaemia at pressure points as a result of compression of tissue in the bone prominence area due to prolonged external pressure, shearing force, and prolonged contact with hard surfaces were the main cause of the PI. In addition, PI develops as a result of impaired lymphatic drainage due to compression of tissue, which causes increased interstitial fluid and buildup of waste.3 4 The risk of developing a PI was higher in patients with spinal cord injury, elderly patient and patients who were sedated for trauma or surgery, since this group of patients have less chance to change position and they spend prolonged time in bed.5
The formation of PI is strongly influenced by risk factors such as peripheral vascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, smoking, long-term immobility, poor nutritional status, incontinence, altered feelings and ageing. Other contributing factors include a shortage of pressure-relieving devices, a lack of universal guidelines and the failure to prioritise PI.6 Healthcare organisations may also play a role in the development of PI as a result of lack of subject matter expertise, heavy workload and inadequate staff6–8 being a barrier for administering proper care.
The global prevalence of PI among adults was estimated to be 12.8%.9 It is most prevalent among hospitalised patient especially those in the ICU, and account for 14%–42% of global mortality despite advances in medical technology. In addition, among older adults, the mortality rate increased by 60% within a year of hospital discharge due to PI.10
Between 2017 and 2018, over 1300 new injury were reported each month, affecting up to 200 000 people annually. Pressure injuries are also responsible for 2% of preventable mortality11 in addition to causing intense pain and discomfort in patients, prolonging hospital stay and delaying recovery.12 In Ethiopia, the prevalence of pressure ulcer among hospitalised patients was estimated to be 16.8% which is higher compared with the prevalence in Nigeria affecting 13.84% of the patient. According to studies conducted in Ethiopia 48.4%–67.3% of nurses had good practices to PI prevention.5
PIs have numerous impacts on patent and the healthcare system. In the healthcare system, it can increase the risk of hospital-acquired infection, prolonging hospital stay, increase healthcare cost, and increase both morbidity and mortality.9 13 14 The economic burden associated with a PI is high. In the USA, annually about US$11 billion is spent for the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. In the USA and UK, from total treatment cost, 2% and 4% are allocated for pressure ulcer treatment respectively.14 15 According to data from the National Health Survey, the impact of PI is multifactorial and costs 1.4 million pounds per day for treatment.11 In comparison to treatment, the cost of materials and interventions needed to prevent PI is lower.16
PI has a significant impact on the psychological well-being of the patient which is related to pain, increased risk of infection, patient’s reduced autonomy and sepsis.14 Depression is being prevalent among patients with pressure ulcer injury. In a study conducted in Brazil among older adults with PI, 80.9% of the patients were identified as having depression.17
PI prevention is becoming a key indicator in the assessment of quality care and patient experience.7 11 18 19 Although the prevention of PI is the responsibility of all healthcare professionals, those involved in direct patient care, especially nurses, have higher burdens in administering preventative care.20 The role of nurses during PI preventive practice include assessing patient at the risk for developing a PI,21 changing the position of the patient, keeping the head of the bed at the lowest safe elevation to prevent shear, using pressure-reducing surfaces and devices, and assessing and providing adequate nutrition for patients.22 However, different factors affect the implementation of PI prevention and treatment among nurses, such as gender, age, experience, educational status, knowledge, training and lack of guidelines.7 23
Prevention of PI has a great significance as it has been stated that around 95% of all PI are preventable; nurses that are working in clinical settings have key roles in identifying patients at risk due to their daily and direct contact with patients.24 However, in most cases, due to different barriers such as lack of subject matter expertise, heavy workload, and inadequate staff, nurses were not administering proper care for patients with PI.6–8
Now a day, the government in different countries was launching the programme and developing guidelines for the prevention of pressure ulcers. In 2009, University of Miami Hospital (UMH) initiate a multidisciplinary process improvement programme. The programme implemented different interventions methods to reduce PI and resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of HAPU at UMH from 11.7% of stage II to IV ulcers in the second quarter, 2009 to 2.1% in the third quarter.15 Different guidelines were developed such as NPUAP in the USA, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines, The European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel.13 Therefore, the prevention of pressure ulcer injury needs a collaborative approach of the government, the patient and interdisciplinary healthcare professionals, especially nurses.
Limited studies are showing the level of practice of nurses on PI, therefore, this study aimed to assess PI prevention practice of nurses and associated factors at the Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital (WSUTRH) in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region of Ethiopia.
Method and materials
Study setting and design
A Hospital-based cross-sectional study design was conducted at WSUTRH, which has 268 beds and 246 staff nurses. The hospital provides services to 3.5–5 million people annually for the neighbouring areas of Wolaita and Dawuro, Gamo Gofa and Kambata Tambaro. The study was carried out from 1 July 2019 to 30 July 2019.
Patient and public involvement
No patients were involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research
Study population
Nurses who were working in the inpatient department and directly involved in patient care at WSUTRH.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
All nurses who are permanent recruit with a minimum diploma in Nursing and working in inpatient department (Medical, Surgical, Intensive care unit) and directly involved in patient care were involved in the study.
Exclusion criteria
Those who were not available during the time of the study (annual, maternal, sick leave).
Sample size determination
The sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula with using a proportion of (33.42%),6 a 95% confidence level and a margin of error 5%. Since the source population was less than 10 000, a correction formula was used and 10% non-response was added, giving the final sample size of 158. We used a convenience sampling method. Since the total number of nurses working in the hospital was 246, the study involved all of them to increase the power of the study.
Data collection tool and procedure
A structured self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection. The standardised questionnaire which was adapted and selected from the PI knowledge and attitude test developed by Piper and Mott, 1995, was used for data collection.25
The questionnaire was validated questionnaire with the internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α) of 0.77. The 1-week test–retest interclass correlation coefficient (stability) was 0.88. The content validity index was 0.79–1.00.
The content validity is computed using the Item-content validity index (I-CVI) in this study. I-CVI is computed as the number of experts giving a rating of ‘very relevant’ for each item divided by the total number of experts. The value range from 0 to 1 and is interpreted as If I-CVI >0.79, the item is relevant, If it is between 0.70 and 0.79, the item needs revisions, and If the value is below 0.70 the item is eliminated.26
Practice tests and other related questions were developed and modified from different literature.25 27 28 We have used 22-item practice-based questions which are pretested and validated instruments with Cronbach’s alpha of (r)=0.76 from the study conducted in Gonder Ethiopia.28 The questionnaire has three responses (always, sometimes and never with a score of 2, 1 and 0, respectively). Before administering the questionnaire the data collectors explained the aims and procedure of the study. Also, each questionnaire has a participant Information Sheet that describes the study title, Purpose of the study, Procedure and duration Risk and benefits, and confidentiality. Then, they administered the questionnaire for the respondent before 1 hour of the end of the regular working hours. The data collectors collected the filled questionnaire before the respondent left the hospitals by completing their shift work.
Operational definition
Knowledge
Adequate knowledge: Nurses who scored greater or equal to the mean of knowledge-based questions.
Inadequate knowledge: Nurse who scored less than the mean of knowledge-based questions.
Practice
Good practice: Nurse who scored greater or equal to the mean of practice-related questions.
Poor practice: Nurse who scored less than the mean of practice-related questions.
Data quality control
To maintain the quality of data; 2 days of training were given for data collectors and supervisors about the objectives of the study, the contents of the questionnaire, issues related to the confidentiality of the responses, and the rights of respondents. Pretest was done in the 5% of the study subject in Durame General Hospital. Follow-up and supervision were conducted during the data collection period. The collected data were checked by data collectors every day at the end of each data collection day.
Data processing and analysis
The data collected were checked for completeness and entered into Epi data V.4.6.0.2. Analyses were done by SPSS V.25. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with PI prevention practice. In bivariate analysis, the association was tested with each independent variable and dependent variable separately. The variables with a p≤0.25 in bivariate analysis were taken into the multivariable model to control for all possible confounders. ORs with 95% CI were estimated to identify the factors associated with PI prevention practice using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The level of statistical significance was declared at a p<0.05.
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics
A total of 240 nurses from the Wolaita Sodo Teaching and Referral Hospital participated in this study with a response rate of 97.5%. The majority of nurses were between the ages of 20 and 30 (65.4%) and females accounted for 55.4% of participants. Among the participants, 36.7% had a monthly income ranging from 3654 to 5244 Ethiopian birrs. The majority (72.5%) of participants were educated (bachelor’s degree or higher) and 73.3% had served for less than 10 years (table 1).
Table 1
Frequency distribution of nurses’ socio-demographic variables in the WSUTRH, 2019, (n=240)
| Variables | Category | Frequency (%) |
| Sex | Male | 107 (44.6) |
| Female | 133 (55.4) | |
| Age | 20–30 years | 157 (65.4) |
| 31–40 years | 70 (29.2) | |
| >40 years | 13 (5.4) | |
| Educational status | Diploma | 70 (29.2) |
| Degree and above | 170 (70.8) | |
| Monthly income (ETB) | <3654 | 76 (31.7) |
| 3654–5244 | 88 (36.7) | |
| 5244–7100 | 60 (25.0) | |
| >7100 | 16 (6.7) | |
| Work experience | <10 years | 176 (73.3) |
| ≥10 years | 64 (26.7) |
Open in a separate window
ETB, Ethiopian Birr; WSUTRH, Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital.
Nurses’ knowledge of PI prevention
More than half of the respondents (53.3%) were found to have poor knowledge regarding PI prevention practices, while a 46.7% had good knowledge (figure 1).
Figure 1
Nurses’ knowledge of pressure injury prevention at the WSUTRH, 2019. WSUTRH, Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital.
Organisational factors
The majority of nurses (85.4%) and (70.0%) reported that there was a shortage of pressure-relieving devices and a lack of guidelines for the risk assessment and preventative practices of PI, respectively. More than three-quarters of nurses (82.1%) did not receive formal training and 77.5% reported staff shortages. Moreover, 71.3% of nurses reported that the hospital emphasises patient safety; however, 76.7% reported that the work environment was not conducive to patient safety (table 2).
Table 2
Frequency distribution of organisational related factor on prevention of pressure injury in the WSUTRH, 2019, (n=240)
| Variables | Category | Frequency (%) |
| Shortage of pressure relieving devices | Yes | 205 (85.4) |
| No | 35 (14.6) | |
| Lack of universal guidelines | Yes | 168 (70.0) |
| No | 72 (30.0) | |
| Lack of training | Yes | 43 (17.9) |
| No | 197 (82.1) | |
| Emphasised patient safety | Yes | 171 (71.3) |
| No | 69 (28.8) | |
| Un-conducive working environment | Yes | 56 (23.3) |
| No | 184 (76.7) | |
| Shortage of staff | Yes | 186 (77.5) |
| No | 54 (22.5) |
Open in a separate window
WSUTRH, Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital.
Workplace factors
More than three-quarters of nurses (76.7%) were not satisfied with their job, and 84.6% reported heavy workloads. More than half (52.9%) cited that PI were not a priority (table 3).
Table 3
Frequency distribution of health professional related factor on pressure injury prevention in WSUTRH, 2019, (n=240)
| Variables | Category | Frequency (%) |
| Lack of job satisfaction | Yes | 190 (79.2) |
| No | 50 (20.8) | |
| Work load | Yes | 203 (84.6) |
| No | 37 (15.4) | |
| Presence of other priorities cases than pressure injury | Yes | 127 (52.9) |
| No | 113 (47.1) |
Open in a separate window
WSUTRH, Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital.
Nurses’ PI prevention practices
In this study, 37.9% of respondents had good PI prevention practices, while the remainder had poor PI prevention practices (figure 2).
Figure 2
Nurses’ pressure injury prevention practices at the WSUTRH, 2019. WSUTRH, Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital.
Factors associated with nurses’ PI prevention practices
In binary logistic regression, nine variables had p values of 0.25 and were candidates for multiple logistic regression. In multiple logistic regression only four variables were significantly associated with PI prevention practices (p<0.05).
Educated nurses (with a bachelor’s degree or higher) were twice more likely to have good PI prevention practices than those with diplomas (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.18; 95% CI 1.12 to 4.25). Nurses who had served for more than 10 years were three times more likely to have good PI prevention practices than those who had served for less than 10 years (AOR=3.44; 95% CI 1.41 to 8.37). Nurses with poor knowledge on PI prevention were 51% less likely to have a good practice of PI prevention than those nurses having good knowledge (AOR=0.49; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.91). Nurses aged greater than forty years were 45% less likely to have a good practice of PI prevention than those nurses ages between 20–30 years old (AOR=0.55; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.35) (table 4).
Table 4
Bivariate and multivariate analysis of sociodemographic, knowledge, organisational factor and health professional related factor of nurse in WSUTRH 2019 (n=240)
| Variable | Category | Pressure injury preventive practice | P value (<0.25) | C or 95% CI | P Value (<0.25) | AOR, 95% CI | |
| Good | Poor | ||||||
| Educational status | Diploma | 31 (44.3%) | 39 (55.7%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Degree and above | 60 (35.3 %) | 110 (64.7%) | 0.193 | 1.45 (0.82 to 2.56) | 0.021 | 2.18 (1.12 to 4.25) | |
| Service year | <10 years | 60 (34.1%) | 116 (65.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥10 years | 31 (748.4%) | 33 (51.6%) | 0.044 | 1.81 (1.01 to 3.24) | 0.006 | 3.44 (1.41 to 8.37) | |
| Age | 20–30 years | 59 (37.6%) | 98 (62.4%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 31–40 years | 30 (42.9%) | 40 (57.1%) | 0.452 | 1.24 (0.70 to 2.21) | 0.206 | 0.58 (0.25 to 1.33) | |
| >40 yearss | 2 (15.4%) | 11 (84.6%) | 0.128 | 0.30 (0.65 to 1.41) | 0.002 | 0.55 (0.09 to 0.35) | |
| Lack of universal guidelines | Yes | 58 (34.5%) | 110 (65.5%) | 0.099 | 0.62 (0.35 to 1.09) | 0.111 | 0.59 (0.31 to 1.12) |
| No | 33 (45.8%) | 39 (54.2%) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Lack of training | Yes | 12 (27.9%) | 31 (72.1 %) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 79 (40.1%) | 118 (59.9%) | 0.138 | 0.57 (0.28 to 1.19) | 0.217 | 1.70 (0.73 to 3.98) | |
| Work load | Yes | 82 (40.4%) | 121 (59.6%) | 0.068 | 2.10 (0.94 to 4.70) | 0.082 | 0.45 (0.18 to 1.10) |
| No | 9 (24.3%) | 28 (75.7%) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Lack of job satisfaction | Yes | 79 (41.6%) | 111 (58.4%) | 0.025 | 2.25 (1.10 to 4.58) | 0.225 | 1.64 (0.73 to 3.65) |
| No | 12 (24.0%) | 38 (76.0%) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Unconducive working environment | Yes | 75 (40.8%) | 109 (59.2%) | 0.102 | 1.72 (0.89 to 3.29) | 0.210 | 1.59 (0.76 to 3.32) |
| No | 16 (28.6%) | 40 (71.4%) | |||||
| Knowledge | Good knowledge | 48 (42.9%) | 64 (57.1%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Poor knowledge | 43 (33.6%) | 85 (66.4%) | 0.141 | 1.48 (0.87 to 2.50) | 0.024 | 0.49 (0.27 to 0.91) | |
Open in a separate window
Bold values indicates P value <0.25.
AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; WSUTRH, Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital.
Discussion
The study found that 37.9% of nurses had good PI prevention practices. Educational status, year of experience, knowledge and age were factors associated with nurse’s PI prevention practice.
PI prevention practice in this study is lower than the study conducted in Gonder,28 Diredawa,5 Addis Ababa,20 Nigeria,8 Uganda29 and Turkey.30 This might be due to variations in level of education of participants, the hospital setting and patient load of the setting. But it was significantly higher than study conducted in Egypt.31 This might be due to variation in sample size and the area of work of the participants.
Level of education has an impact on PI prevention practice; this study showed that Nurses who were educated degree and above were two times more likely to have good practice of PI prevention than educated up to diploma (AOR=2.18; 95% CI 1.12 to 4.25). This finding is consistent with studies conducted in Egypt.31 Educational programmes can reduce incidence and prevalence of PI by improving informed decision-making.32 Also it has a significant impact on the knowledge and competency of the nurse clinician in decreases the occurrence of PI and improving patient outcome.33 34 Education also offers a greater opportunity to learn a variety of courses that are directly or indirectly related to the prevention and management of PI.28
Nurses who were served for more than 10 years were three times more likely to have good practice of PI prevention compare to those who served less than 10 years (AOR=3.44; 95% CI 1.41 to 8.37), this finding is consistent with study done on Gonder,28 Lahore35 and Nigeria.36 This could be explained by the fact that, through their work experience, nurses can be exposed to various patients with PI, thereby improving their level of practice.
Knowledge has relationship with pressure injury prevention practice, in this study Nurses who have poor knowledge were 51% less likely to have good practice of PI prevention than those nurses having good knowledge (AOR=0.49; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.91). To reduce mortality related to PI nurses need to have knowledge of prevention and treatment of PI which is precondition to undertake effective prevention and therapeutic interventions of PI and its complications.23 Although knowledge is basis for developing and maintaining competency of delivering high quality of nursing care.37
Those nurses whose age were greater than 40 years were 45% less likely to have good practice of PI prevention than those nurses age between 20 and 30 years old (AOR=0.55; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.35) evidence suggested that there is diminished job performance and age with respect to certain job tasks, especially, if job tasks require sensory perception, selective attention, working memory, information processing, rapid reaction or physical strength.38 Also researches indicate that when people reach a certain age, their work ability significantly decreases which is due to decline in their physical and mental abilities, this might have effect on the management of PI.39
Generally, the study tried to assess the pressure ulcer prevention practice and associated factors among nurses and it can be an input for the prevention of PI programmes together with other pocket studies from different corners of the country (Ethiopia). But the study might have faced the following limitations. First, since we have used a self-administered questionnaire this study may have faced social desirability bias. Second, the study does not assessed nurse’s knowledge with respect to PI treatment interventions it only assessed the preventive aspect. Also, the study may not show a temporal relationship because of the cross-sectional study design. Therefore, the study should be interpreted cautiously. The use of non-probability sampling method might affect the generalisability of this study to general population.
Conclusion
The majority of nurses reported having a limited level of PI prevention practice. Since pressure ulcer prevention practice is majorly the role of nurses. Upgrading the educational level of the nurses through continuous professional development opportunities can improve the preventive practice of pressure ulcer injury by increasing the knowledge and skill gained during the vocational training. In addition, implementing educational programmes, and providing up-to-date training on pressure ulcer prevention practice were recommended to increase the practice of the nurses.
Supplementary Material
Reviewer comments:
Click here to view.(184K, pdf)
Author'smanuscript:
Click here to view.(1.9M, pdf)
Footnotes
Contributors: NA conceived the original idea and was involved in proposal development, design and data collection and analysis and in all stages of the research project. NA, TT, AA and TLL participated in data analysis and in all stages of the research project. Finally, all authors revised the manuscript and approved the final version. NA is responsible for the overall content as the guarantor.
Funding: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests: None declared.
Patient and public involvement: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement
Data are available on reasonable request. The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Consent obtained directly from patient(s).
Ethics approval
Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Clearance Committee of Wolaita Sodo University College of Health Science and Medicine with reference number CARD/20/201. Then a letter of cooperation was written to Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital (WSUTRH) administration. Informed voluntary written and signed consent were obtained from all respondents before the study. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.
References
1. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. Haesler E, ed. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: quick reference guide. Osborne Park, Australia: Cambridge Media, 2014. [Google Scholar]
2. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) . NPUAP pressure injury stages, 2016. Available: https://cdn.ymaws.com/npiap.com/resource/resmgr/online_store/npiap_pressure_injury_stages.pdf
3. Boyko TV, Longaker MT, Yang GP. Review of the current management of pressure ulcers. Adv Wound Care2018;7:57–67. 10.1089/wound.2016.0697 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
4. Bhattacharya S, Mishra RK. Pressure ulcers: current understanding and newer modalities of treatment. Indian J Plast Surg2015;48:004–16. 10.4103/0970-0358.155260 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
5. Getie A, Baylie A, Bante A, et al.. Pressure ulcer prevention practices and associated factors among nurses in public hospitals of Harari regional state and dire Dawa City administration, eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One2020;15:e0243875. 10.1371/journal.pone.0243875 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
6. Etafa W, Argaw Z, Gemechu E, et al.. Nurses' attitude and perceived barriers to pressure ulcer prevention. BMC Nurs2018;17:14. 10.1186/s12912-018-0282-2 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
7. Dilie A, Mengistu D. Assessment of nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and perceived barriers to expressed pressure ulcer prevention practice in Addis Ababa Government Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2015. Adv Nurs2015;2015:1–11. 10.1155/2015/796927 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
8. Ingwu JA, Nwaordu AH, Opara H, et al.. Caregivers' knowledge and practice toward pressure ulcer prevention in national orthopedic Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract2019;22:1014. 10.4103/njcp.njcp_413_17 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
9. Li Z, Lin F, Thalib L, et al.. Global prevalence and incidence of pressure injuries in hospitalised adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud2020;105:103546. 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103546 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
10. Gedamu H, Hailu M, Amano A. Prevalence and associated factors of pressure ulcer among hospitalized patients at Felegehiwot referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Adv Nurs2014;2014:1–8. 10.1155/2014/767358 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
11. National Health Service (NHS): stop pressure ulcer. Available: https://nhs.stopthepressure.co.uk/
12. Berihu H, Wubayehu T, Teklu T, et al.. Practice on pressure ulcer prevention among nurses in selected public hospitals, Tigray, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes2020;13:1–7. 10.1186/s13104-020-05049-7 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
13. Saleh MYN, Al-Hussami M, Anthony D. Pressure ulcer prevention and treatment knowledge of Jordanian nurses. J Tissue Viability2013;22:1–11. 10.1016/j.jtv.2013.01.003 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
14. Afzali Borojeny L, Albatineh AN, Hasanpour Dehkordi A, et al.. The incidence of pressure ulcers and its associations in different wards of the hospital: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Prev Med2020;11:171. 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_182_19 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
15. Cano A, Anglade D, Stamp H. Improving outcomes by implementing a pressure ulcer prevention program (PUPP): going beyond the basics. In: Healthcare. 3. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2015: 574–85. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Norton L, Parslow N, Johnston D, et al.. Best practice recommendations for the prevention and management of pressure injuries. Wounds Canada, 2017. [Google Scholar]
17. Galhardo VAC, Garroni Magalhaes M, Blanes L, et al.. Health-related quality of life and depression in older patients with pressure Ulcers. Wounds2010;22:20–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18. Ilesanmi RE, Ofi BA, Adejumo PO. Nurses’ knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention in Ogun State, Nigeria: results of a pilot survey. Ostomy Wound Manage2012;58:24–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Kaddourah B, Abu-Shaheen AK, Al-Tannir M. Knowledge and attitudes of health professionals towards pressure ulcers at a rehabilitation Hospital: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs2016;15:17. 10.1186/s12912-016-0138-6 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
20. Shrestha N, Shrestha P. Knowledge of pressure ulcer management among nurses. J Gandaki Med Coll Nepal2016;9:47–51. 10.3126/jgmcn.v9i2.17869 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
21. Ebi WE, Hirko GF, Mijena DA. Nurses’ knowledge to pressure ulcer prevention in public hospitals in Wollega: a cross-sectional study design. BMC Nurs2019;18:1–2. 10.1186/s12912-019-0346-y [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
22. Bluestein D, Javaheri A. Pressure ulcers: prevention, evaluation, and management. Am Fam Physician2008;78:1186–94. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Saleh MYN, Papanikolaou P, Nassar OS, et al.. Nurses' knowledge and practice of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment: an observational study. J Tissue Viability2019;28:210–7. 10.1016/j.jtv.2019.10.005 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
24. Charalambous C, Koulouri A, Roupa Z, et al.. Knowledge and attitudes of nurses in a major public hospital in Cyprus towards pressure ulcer prevention. J Tissue Viability2019;28:40–5. 10.1016/j.jtv.2018.10.005 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
25. Knowledge IS. Attitude and practice on pressure on pressure ulcer prevention among nurses in Bangladesh. The 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2010. [Google Scholar]
26. Zamanzadeh V, Ghahramanian A, Rassouli M, et al.. Design and implementation content validity study: development of an instrument for measuring patient-centered communication. J Caring Sci2015;4:165–78. 10.15171/jcs.2015.017 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
27. Linda G. Assessment of nurse’s knowledge attitude and barriers towards pressure ulcer prevention for adults ICU in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.2017.
28. Nuru N, Zewdu F, Amsalu S, et al.. Knowledge and practice of nurses towards prevention of pressure ulcer and associated factors in Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Nurs2015;14:34. 10.1186/s12912-015-0076-8 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
29. Mwebaza I, Katende G, Groves S, et al.. Nurses’ knowledge, practices, and barriers in care of patients with pressure ulcers in a Ugandan Teaching Hospital. Nurs Res Pract2014;2014:1–6. 10.1155/2014/973602 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
30. Özdemir H, Karadag A. Prevention of pressure ulcers: a descriptive study in 3 intensive care units in turkey. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs2008;35:293–300. 10.1097/01.WON.0000319128.06607.ac [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
31. Mersal FA. Caregivers' knowledge and practice regarding prevention of immobilization complications in El -demerdash Hospital Cairo Egypt. Am J Res Comm2014;2:78–98. [Google Scholar]
32. El Enein NYA, Zaghloul AA. Nurses' knowledge of prevention and management of pressure ulcer at a health insurance hospital in Alexandria. Int J Nurs Pract2011;17:262–8. 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2011.01933.x [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
33. Mohamed SA, Weheida SM. Effects of implementing educational program about pressure ulcer control on nurses’ knowledge and safety of immobilized patients. J Nurs Educa Practice2015;5:12. [Google Scholar]
34. Robert JR. Fact sheet: the impact of education on nursing practice2012:463-6930, x231.
35. Nasreen S, Afzal M. Hajra Sarwar and ali waqas nurses knowledge and practices toward pressure ulcer prevention in general Hospital Lahore Saudi. J Med Pharm Sci2017;-3:520–7. [Google Scholar]
36. Uba MN, Alih FI, Kever RT. Knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses toward pressure ulcer prevention in University of Maiduguri teaching Hospital, Borno state, north-eastern, Nigeria. Int J Nurs Midwifery2015;7:54–60. 10.5897/IJNM2014.0155 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
37. Miyazaki MY, Caliri MHL, dos Santos CB, Yuri MM. Knowledge on pressure ulcer prevention among nursing professionals. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem2010;18:1203–11. 10.1590/s0104-11692010000600022 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
38. Suttle R. Effects of Aging on Job Performance." Small Business - Chron.com. Available: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/effects-aging-job-performance-1031.html [Accessed 10 February 2020].
39. Chung J, Park J, Cho M, et al.. A study on the relationships between age, work experience, cognition, and work ability in older employees working in heavy industry. J Phys Ther Sci2015;27:155–7. 10.1589/jpts.27.155 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Articles from BMJ Open are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group
